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The JavaSpecialists' Newsletter

Celebrating 23 years of publication, enjoyed in over 155 countries by 70,000 of the world's top Java programmers and spanning over 300 specialist Java articles.

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318 Getting Rid of Unused Warnings with _ 2024-05-31

We sometimes are forced by the Java language to declare variables that we never use, attracting the ire of the javac compiler. Since Java 22 we have a way to declare these as "unnamed" by using an underscore. Full Article
316 Code Before super() - JEP 447 2024-03-30

Java 22 preview allows us to write code before the call to super(). There are restrictions. We are not allowed to refer to "this" in any way. We thus cannot set fields before calling the superclass constructor. But what if the superclass constructor calls our methods? In this newsletter we explor... Full Article
300 Break in Switch With Pattern Matching 2022-04-26

The enhanced switch is cool. Pattern Matching for switch is super cool (they even timed the JEP number to be exactly 420 - or was that fate?). But what happens when we use "break" inside the case statement? Let's find out. Full Article
298 Finding Permitted Subclasses 2022-02-28

Sealed classes show us which subclasses they permitted. Unfortunately there is no way to do this recursively. In this newsletter we show how to navigate the sealed class hierarchy and write a ClassSpliterator that can then create a Stream of classes. Full Article
293 Canonical Orders 2021-09-30

Should we write "public abstract static class" or "public static abstract class"? And should fields be "final static private" or "private static final"? In this newsletter we explore the canonical order of modifiers in Java. Full Article
288 Weakly Consistent Iteration 2021-04-01

How consistent is weakly-consistent iteration? And which collections return weakly-consistent iterators? How do we know? Join us as we explore what weakly-consistent means with concrete examples. Full Article
260 Java Is Still Free 2018-09-17

Is the Java Ecosystem still safe and robust or should we move to a different language? Maybe Go or Python? In this newsletter we look at whether Java is still a solid choice. Full Article
259 Try-With-Resource in Plain Java 2018-07-01

How would the plain Java code look for our try-with-resource constructs? Watch how 4 lines of code are expanded into 39 LOC and 170 bytecodes. We also look at how Java 9 has reduced this slightly. Full Article
255 Java 10: Inferred Local Variables 2018-02-28

Local variable type inference is finally here, but dangers lurk. We might encourage overly long methods and lose the benefits of interface abstraction. Full Article
251 Collections.checkedCollection() 2017-11-30

Since Java 5, we have been able to create collections that would check at runtime that the objects added were of the correct type. But very few Java programmers know about it. The benefit we get in debugging ease is huge, as exceptions are thrown earlier. Full Article
250 Learning Java with jshell 2017-10-26

Java 9 has changed the way that new programmers can be introduced to Java. No more "public static void main(String[] args)", but instead a beautiful jshell REPL that lets us experiment with Java features without understanding the subtleties of "static". Full Article
245 Surprising += Cast 2017-01-30

Surprisingly, the compound arithmetic expression contains a cast that can produce some interesting side effects. In this newsletter we explore this and other edge cases in the Java Language Specification. Full Article
238 java.util.Optional - Short Tutorial by Example 2016-05-09

Java 8 introduced the java.util.Optional class, based on the famous Guava class by the same name. It was said that we should hardly ever call get(). In this newsletter we offer a short tutorial that demonstrates coding examples of alternatives to get(). Full Article
225 Hiding Interface Methods 2015-01-21

Whenever a class implements an interface, all the implemented methods have to be public. In this newsletter we look at a trick that we can use to make them private. Full Article
223 ManagedBlocker 2014-11-27

Blocking methods should not be called from within parallel streams in Java 8, otherwise the shared threads in the common ForkJoinPool will become inactive. In this newsletter we look at a technique to maintain a certain liveliness in the pool, even when some threads are blocked. Full Article
222 Identity Crisis 2014-09-09

The JavaDocs for method Object.hashCode() seems to suggest that the value is somehow related to memory location. However, in this newsletter we discover that there are several different algorithms and that Java 8 has new defaults to give better threading result if we call hashCode a lot. Full Article
213 Livelocks from wait() and notify() 2013-09-20

When a thread is interrupted, we need to be careful to not create a livelock in our code by re-interrupting without returning from the method. Full Article
212 Creating Sets from Maps 2013-07-19

Maps and Sets in Java have some similarities. In this newsletter we show a nice little trick for converting a map class into a set. Full Article
210 Calling Methods from a Constructor 2013-05-22

In this newsletter we investigate what can go wrong when we call methods from constructors, showing examples from the JDK, Glassfish, Spring Framework and some other well known frameworks.. Full Article
208 Throwing Exceptions from Fields 2013-03-31

How can you set a field at point of declaration if its constructor throws a checked exception? Full Article
207 Final Parameters and Local Variables 2012-12-27

The trend of marking parameters and local variables as "final" does not really enhance your code, nor does it make it more secure. Full Article
203 GOTO in Java 2012-06-13

It is possible to use the break statement to jump out to the end of a labelled scope, resulting in some strange looking code, almost like the GOTO statement in C. Full Article
199 Hacking Java Surreptitiously 2012-02-23

Surreptitious: stealthy, furtive, well hidden, covert. In this newsletter we will show two Java puzzles written by Wouter Coekaerts that require a surreptitious solution. You cannot do anything to upset the security manager. Full Article
198 Pushing the Limits in Java's Random 2012-02-13

What is the largest double that could in theory be produced by Math.random()? In this newsletter, we look at ways to calculate this based on the 48-bit random generator available in standard Java. We also prove why in a single-threaded program, (int)(Random.nextDouble() + 1) can never be rounde... Full Article
197 What is the Meaning of Life? 2011-12-06

In this newsletter we try to calculate the meaning of life, with surprising results. Full Article
190b Automatically Unlocking with Java 7 (Follow-Up) 2011-04-15

In this newsletter we discuss why we unfortunately will not be able to use the try-with-resource mechanism to automatically unlock in Java 7. Full Article
190 Automatically Unlocking with Java 7 2011-02-27

In this newsletter we explore my favourite new Java 7 feature "try-with-resource" and see how we can use this mechanism to automatically unlock Java 5 locks. Full Article
186 Iterator Quiz 2010-07-30

Most of the northern hemisphere is on holiday, so here is a quick quiz for those poor souls left behind manning the email desk. How can we prevent a ConcurrentModificationException in the iterator? Full Article
178b WalkingCollection Generics (Follow-Up) 2009-11-17

Generics can be used to further improve the WalkingCollection, shown in our previous newsletter. Full Article
177 Logging Part 3 of 3 2009-10-13

After almost nine years of silence, we come back to bring the logging series to an end, looking at best practices and what performance measurements to log. Full Article
168 The Delegator 2009-01-15

In this newsletter we show the reflection plumbing needed for writing a socket monitor that sniffs all the bytes being sent or received over all the Java sockets. The Delegator is used to invoke corresponding methods through some elegant guesswork. Full Article
167 Annotation Processing Tool 2008-12-05

In this newsletter we answer the question: "How do we force all subclasses to contain a public no-args constructor?" The Annotation Processing Tool allows us to check conditions like this at compile time, rather than only at runtime. Full Article
161 Of Hacking Enums and Modifying "final static" F... 2008-05-23

The developers of the Java language tried their best to stop us from constructing our own enum instances. However, for testing purposes, it can be useful to temporarily add new enum instances to the system. In this newsletter we show how we can do this using the classes in sun.reflect. In addi... Full Article
141 Hacking Enums 2007-03-13

Enums are implemented as constant flyweights. You cannot construct them. You cannot clone them. You cannot make copies with serialization. But here is a way we can make new ones in Java 5. Full Article
127 Casting like a Tiger 2006-06-07

Java 5 adds a new way of casting that does not show compiler warnings or errors. Yet another way to shoot yourself in the foot? Full Article
126 Proxy equals() 2006-05-14

When we make proxies that wrap objects, we have to remember to write an appropriate equals() method. Instead of comparing on object level, we need to either compare on interface level or use a workaround to achieve the comparisons on the object level, described in this newsletter. Full Article
123 Strategy Pattern with Generics 2006-03-14

The Strategy Pattern is elegant in its simplicity. With this pattern, we should try to convert intrinsic state to extrinsic, to allow sharing of strategy objects. It gets tricky when each strategy object needs a different set of information in order to do its work. In this newsletter, we look ... Full Article
121 How Deep is Your Hierarchy? 2006-02-14

Someone asked me yesterday what the maximum inheritance depth is in Java. I guessed a value of 65535, but for practical purposes, not more than 5. When I asked performance guru Kirk Pepperdine to estimate, he shot back with 63. In this newsletter, we look at the limitations in the JVM and exam... Full Article
120 Exceptions From Constructors 2006-02-08

What do you do when an object cannot be properly constructed? In this newsletter, we look at a few options that are used and discuss what would be best. Based on the experiences of writing the Sun Certified Programmer for Java 5 exam. Full Article
117 Reflectively Calling Inner Class Methods 2005-12-02

Sometimes frameworks use reflection to call methods. Depending how they find the correct method to call, we may end up with IllegalAccessExceptions. The naive approach of clazz.getMethod(name) is not correct when we send instances of non-public classes. Full Article
114 Compile-Time String Constant Quiz 2005-09-16

When we change libraries, we need to do a full recompile of our code, in case any constants were inlined by the compiler. Find out which constants are inlined in this latest newsletter. Full Article
113 Enum Inversion Problem 2005-08-29

A problem that I encountered when I first started using enums was how to serialize them to some persistent store. My initial approach was to write the ordinal to the database. In this newsletter, I explore some ideas of a more robust approach. It will also show you some applications of Java ge... Full Article
110 Break to Labeled Statement 2005-06-30

Java does not use the "goto" statement, although it is a reserved word. We do have something similar though: labeled breaks. Full Article
109 Strategy Pattern of HashCode Equality 2005-05-18

Instead of auto-generating our hashCode() and equals() methods, why not use the strategy pattern to do this for us? In this newsletter, we examine different approaches and their benefits. Full Article
108 Object Adapter Based on Dynamic Proxy 2005-05-10

The object adapter pattern is similar in structure to the proxy pattern. This means that we can use the dynamic proxy mechanism in Java to also implement a dynamic object adaptor. Full Article
107 Making Enumerations Iterable 2005-04-19

Enumeration was the interface in Java 1.0 that has now been superceded by Iterator. It is still in widespread use. In this newsletter we look at how we can use Enumeration with the new for-in statement. Full Article
103 New for in Loop Gymnastics 2005-02-07

Java 5 introduced the Iterable interface, used by the enhanced "for" statement to iterate. Collection extends Iterable, but we can also write our own classes that implement it. This way we can use the enhanced "for" statement to iterate over them. Examples would be ResultSet and InputStream. Full Article
102 Mangling Integers 2005-01-31

To optimize autoboxing, Java caches boxed integers in the range -128 to 127. We examine what happens if this cache were to get corrupted. Full Article
097 Mapping Objects to XML Files Using Java 5 Annot... 2004-10-17

In this newsletter, we have Amotz Anner show us how we can map objects to XML files using the new Java 5 annotations. Full Article
096 Java 5 - "final" Is Not Final Anymore 2004-10-07

Final fields could not be set with reflection in Java 1.1. In Java 1.2 they changed it so that we could set final fields. We again couldn't in Java 1.3 and 1.4. Since Java 5, we can again set final fields. Full Article
095b Self-Reloading XML Property Files (Follow-Up) 2004-10-01

Do generics make the code easier or harder to read? Anything new can be challenging on the eyes, but time will tell whether generics will be as popular as we expect. Full Article
095 Self-Reloading XML Property Files 2004-09-30

The java.util.Properties class can load and store the properties in an XML file. We furthermore periodically check whether the file has changed and if so, reload the properties. Full Article
094 Java Field Initialisation 2004-09-20

Fields can either be initialized where they are declared or in the constructor. Some programmers set them twice. We have a look at how final fields avoid this. Full Article
087 sun.reflect.Reflection 2004-04-09

A handy class shipped in the JDK is sun.reflect.Reflection. It allows us to find out which class called our method. Note that this class might become unavailable in future versions of Java. Full Article
084 Ego Tripping with Webservices 2004-02-05

We have a look at how to build a simple webservice with Java. Full Article
083 End of Year Puzzle 2003-12-26

Two easy Java puzzles to test your understanding of try-finally. Full Article
083b End of Year Puzzle (Follow-Up) 2003-12-26

Another small puzzle to test your knowledge of Java. Full Article
080 Many Public Classes in One File 2003-10-13

We have heard that we can only have one public class per .java file. But that is not entirely true. We could, in theory, have many public static inner classes inside one public class. Full Article
079 Generic toString() 2003-10-08

Instead of coding the toString() method repeatedly by hand, we present several approaches to generate the String automatically. Full Article
076 Asserting Locks 2003-08-05

A common pattern is the Java Monitor Pattern. All public methods are synchronized. Private methods would assume that the lock is already held. How can we verify this? In this newsletter we show how we can assert that we hold the lock inside the private methods. Full Article
073 LinkedHashMap is Actually Quite Useful 2003-06-22

LinkedHashMap gives us a map that retains the order in which elements were inserted. This can help us maintain a dictionary of key-value pairs in the same order as they were read in. Full Article
072 Java and Dilbert 2003-06-15

We learn how we can download images from within Java and then display them in a JFrame. Full Article
071 Overloading Considered Harmful 2003-06-01

Overloading of methods refers to multiple methods with the same name, but different parameter types. As convenient as this feature is, we should use it sparingly. This newsletter explains why. Full Article
067 BASIC Java 2003-03-31

A typical first computer language used to be BASIC. It had a bad reputation for producing spaghetti code, due to the GOTO statement. We show how switch-case and exceptions in Java can look like BASIC. Full Article
063 Revisiting Stack Trace Decoding 2003-01-28

Stack traces give us a clue of which method called us, giving us a form of caller ID. Full Article
062b Follow-Up and Happy New Year! 2002-12-31

Java 1.4 changed inner classes slighty to set the link to the outer object prior to calling super(). This avoids some hard to explain NullPointerExceptions. Full Article
062 The Link to the Outer Class 2002-12-27

Inner classes have magic handles to the outer object and provide synthetic methods to acces private data. This can result in some hard-to-understand bugs. Full Article
056 Shutting down Threads Cleanly 2002-09-16

Starting threads is easy. Shutting them down again in an orderly fashion is not. In this newsletter we explore how to use interrupts to indicate to a thread that it should cooperatively shut down. Full Article
055 Once Upon an Oak ... 2002-08-26

A long time ago, James Gosling wrote Oak, which was later renamed to Java. Some of the quirky Java restrictions, for example only one public class per file, can be traced back to Oak. This newsletter looks at the Oak 0.2 specification. Full Article
050 Commenting out Your Code? 2002-06-10

Source control systems give us insight into how a method has changed over time. It is usually a bad idea to comment out code, especially without adequate comments why. It confuses the person maintaining the code. Full Article
047 Lack of Streaming Leads to Screaming 2002-05-24

Instead of writing and reading blobs as large byte[], we should rather stream the data using ResultSet.getBytes(). Full Article
043 Arrgh, Someone Wants to Kill Me! 2002-03-11

In Java we can use OS signals directly for detecting when a program is being closed. This can be used to write our own shutdown hook or put in whatever feature we need. Full Article
040 Visiting Your Collection's Elements 2002-01-31

When iterating over a heterogeneous collection, one way to differentiate between object types is with instanceof. Another way is to create a special visitor object that can be applied to the objects in the collection. Full Article
036 Unicode Variable Names 2001-11-23

Java supports unicode in variable and method names, although we generally recommend using ASCII characters. Here we have a look at how to do it. Full Article
034 Generic Types with Dynamic Decorators 2001-10-24

Prior to Java 5, we had to jump through all sorts of hoops to get something like generics. In this newsletter we use "dynamic decorators" to produce type-safe iterators dynamically. Full Article
032 Exceptional Constructors - Resurrecting the Dead 2001-10-11

One way to protect ourselves from badly constructed objects is to throw an exception from the constructor. However, the object can be resurrected if the class is non-final by using the finalize() method. Full Article
031 Hash, Hash, Away It Goes! 2001-09-26

When I first started using Java in 1997, I needed very large hash tables for matching records as quickly as possible. We ran into trouble when some of the keys were mutable and ended up disappearing from the table, and then reappearing again later. Full Article
028 Multicasting in Java 2001-08-14

In this newsletter, we learn how to do network multicasting in Java using the Datagram class. Full Article
026 Package Versioning 2001-07-25

Packages should have versions numbers embedded in the Jar file's manifest. Our guest author Herman Lintvelt shows us how. Full Article
025 Final Newsletter 2001-07-12

No, this is not our "final" newsletter, but rather a newsletter about the "final" keyword. Full Article
022 Classloaders Revisited: "Hotdeploy" 2001-06-07

In this newsletter, Dr Christoph Jung amazes us by showing how we can build a minimalist application server by playing around with class loaders. Full Article
021 Non-Virtual Methods in Java 2001-05-31

In Java all methods are virtual, meaning that the most derived method is always called. In earlier versions of Java, it was possible to trick the JVM by replacing the superclass with another wheere the method is defined as "private". Full Article
020 Serializing Objects into Database 2001-05-24

In this newsletter, we serialize Java objects into a byte[] and then write that into a PreparedStatement with setBytes(). Full Article
018 Class Names Don't Identify a Class 2001-05-03

Classes loaded by different ClassLoaders are considered distinct, even when they have the exact same name and bytecode. Full Article
017b Switching on Object Handles (Follow-Up) 2001-04-28

A quick follow-up to our newsletter on abusing exceptions to simulate the switch construct, looking at the performance in comparison to other approaches. Full Article
017a Simulating Switch Statements on Object Handles ... 2001-04-26

The try-catch construct can be used for program flow control. In this newsletter we abuse it to simulate the switch statement. Full Article
014 Insane Strings 2001-03-21

Some crazy antics as we modify the contents of the char[] embedded within Strings. Of little practical value, except to gain some understanding of how things work under the covers. Full Article
011 Hooking into the Shutdown Call 2001-02-28

System.exit() does not immediately shut down the Java Virtual Machine. Instead, it first runs our shutdown hooks, albeit in an undefined order. Once they are done, the JVM stops for real. Full Article
009 Depth-First Polymorphism 2001-02-15

Usually in Java, polymorphism is done depth-first. This is the reason why in Java 5, classes implementing Comparable cannot be further specialized to another Comparable type (compareTo takes an Object). In this newsletter we look at how we can change this to breadth-first polymorphism. Full Article
008 Comparing Boolean Variables 2001-02-08

Java was based on ideas taken from C/C++, but the designers of the language tightened up the language significantly. In C/C++, a zero (0) means false and non-zero (e.g. 1) means true. In this newsletter, we examine how we should be comparing booleans. Full Article
006 Implementation Code Inside Interfaces 2001-01-25

Did you know that it is possible to define inner classes inside interfaces? This little trick allows us to create method objects inside an interface. Full Article
005 Dynamic Proxies - Short Tutorial 2001-01-18

Dynamic proxies can help us reduce the amount of code we have to write. In this newsletter, our guest author, Dr Christoph Jung, gives us a short tutorial on how the dynamic proxies work. Full Article
004 Logging Part 2 2001-01-11

We look at some tricks on how we can track where things are happening in our code, which can then be used for producing more detailed logging. Full Article
003 Logging Part 1 2000-12-14

In this newsletter we look at how we can write a TeeOutputStream that works similarly to the unix "tee" utility and pipes the output to two different OutputStreams. We can then reassign System.out to be written to a file and to the old System.out. Full Article
002 Anonymous Inner Classes 2000-12-07

Anonymous inner classes allow us to call super class methods inside its initializer block. We can use this to add values to a collection at point of creation, for example: new Vector(3) {{ add("Heinz"); add("John"); add("Anton"); }}); Full Article

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Javaspecialists

The JavaSpecialists' Newsletter

Celebrating 23 years of publication, enjoyed in over 155 countries by 70,000 of the world's top Java programmers and spanning over 300 specialist Java articles.

Newsletter Archive (Language)

About the Author

Superpack '23

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Javaspecialists

The JavaSpecialists' Newsletter

Celebrating 23 years of publication, enjoyed in over 155 countries by 70,000 of the world's top Java programmers and spanning over 300 specialist Java articles.

Newsletter Archive (Language)

318 Getting Rid of Unused Warnings with _ 2024-05-31

316 Code Before super() - JEP 447 2024-03-30

300 Break in Switch With Pattern Matching 2022-04-26

298 Finding Permitted Subclasses 2022-02-28

293 Canonical Orders 2021-09-30

288 Weakly Consistent Iteration 2021-04-01

260 Java Is Still Free 2018-09-17

259 Try-With-Resource in Plain Java 2018-07-01

255 Java 10: Inferred Local Variables 2018-02-28

251 Collections.checkedCollection() 2017-11-30

250 Learning Java with jshell 2017-10-26

245 Surprising += Cast 2017-01-30

238 java.util.Optional - Short Tutorial by Example 2016-05-09

225 Hiding Interface Methods 2015-01-21

223 ManagedBlocker 2014-11-27

222 Identity Crisis 2014-09-09

213 Livelocks from wait() and notify() 2013-09-20

212 Creating Sets from Maps 2013-07-19

210 Calling Methods from a Constructor 2013-05-22

208 Throwing Exceptions from Fields 2013-03-31

207 Final Parameters and Local Variables 2012-12-27

203 GOTO in Java 2012-06-13

199 Hacking Java Surreptitiously 2012-02-23

198 Pushing the Limits in Java's Random 2012-02-13

197 What is the Meaning of Life? 2011-12-06

190b Automatically Unlocking with Java 7 (Follow-Up) 2011-04-15

190 Automatically Unlocking with Java 7 2011-02-27

186 Iterator Quiz 2010-07-30

178b WalkingCollection Generics (Follow-Up) 2009-11-17

177 Logging Part 3 of 3 2009-10-13

168 The Delegator 2009-01-15

167 Annotation Processing Tool 2008-12-05

161 Of Hacking Enums and Modifying "final static" F... 2008-05-23

141 Hacking Enums 2007-03-13

127 Casting like a Tiger 2006-06-07

126 Proxy equals() 2006-05-14

123 Strategy Pattern with Generics 2006-03-14

121 How Deep is Your Hierarchy? 2006-02-14

120 Exceptions From Constructors 2006-02-08

117 Reflectively Calling Inner Class Methods 2005-12-02

114 Compile-Time String Constant Quiz 2005-09-16

113 Enum Inversion Problem 2005-08-29

110 Break to Labeled Statement 2005-06-30

109 Strategy Pattern of HashCode Equality 2005-05-18

108 Object Adapter Based on Dynamic Proxy 2005-05-10

107 Making Enumerations Iterable 2005-04-19

103 New for in Loop Gymnastics 2005-02-07

102 Mangling Integers 2005-01-31

097 Mapping Objects to XML Files Using Java 5 Annot... 2004-10-17

096 Java 5 - "final" Is Not Final Anymore 2004-10-07

095b Self-Reloading XML Property Files (Follow-Up) 2004-10-01

095 Self-Reloading XML Property Files 2004-09-30

094 Java Field Initialisation 2004-09-20

087 sun.reflect.Reflection 2004-04-09

084 Ego Tripping with Webservices 2004-02-05

083 End of Year Puzzle 2003-12-26

083b End of Year Puzzle (Follow-Up) 2003-12-26

080 Many Public Classes in One File 2003-10-13

079 Generic toString() 2003-10-08

076 Asserting Locks 2003-08-05

073 LinkedHashMap is Actually Quite Useful 2003-06-22

072 Java and Dilbert 2003-06-15

071 Overloading Considered Harmful 2003-06-01

067 BASIC Java 2003-03-31

063 Revisiting Stack Trace Decoding 2003-01-28

062b Follow-Up and Happy New Year! 2002-12-31

062 The Link to the Outer Class 2002-12-27

056 Shutting down Threads Cleanly 2002-09-16

055 Once Upon an Oak ... 2002-08-26

050 Commenting out Your Code? 2002-06-10

047 Lack of Streaming Leads to Screaming 2002-05-24

043 Arrgh, Someone Wants to Kill Me! 2002-03-11

040 Visiting Your Collection's Elements 2002-01-31